Dual Citizenship for US Citizens: Eligible Countries and Ways to Get a Second Passport

The USA allows its citizens to hold dual citizenship, which means you don’t have to give up your American passport if you choose to obtain a second one.

Essentially, US law does not force citizens to select only one nationality at birth or upon naturalization. While this flexible policy offers greater freedom, it also brings extra responsibilities regarding taxes, legal matters, and passport management.

In this blog post, we explore key aspects of US dual citizenship, highlight popular countries that allow second passports, review various paths to acquiring additional nationalities, and offer strategies for managing more than one passport.

Countries Allowing Dual Citizenship with USA

62 countries in the world allow dual citizenship with the US. But keep in mind that while the United States permits dual nationality, the exact rules and conditions vary by country.

What Is Dual Citizenship?

Dual citizenship means you legally hold the nationality of two countries at the same time. Each country gives you rights, such as the ability to live, work, and vote (where applicable), and also requires you to follow its laws.

Key Points

• Legal Status: You are recognized as a citizen by two governments, each granting privileges like healthcare access or voting (if local rules allow) and assigning responsibilities like taxes or civic duties.

• Benefits for Americans: Holding an American passport along with a second passport can simplify work, travel, or long-term stays abroad. In many cases, you won’t need special visas or permits to live and work in the other country.

• US Rules: The US allows its citizens to hold another nationality. You are treated primarily as a US citizen at home, which means you must use your American passport to enter and leave the country.

• Automatic vs. Application: Some people acquire a second citizenship at birth (for example, by being born on American soil). Others must apply, which might include meeting residency requirements or proving family ties.

Some people are dual nationals from birth. For example, a child born in the United States to foreign parents might gain US citizenship through birthright and also inherit the parents’ nationality.

Others apply for citizenship in a second country later in life, perhaps through investment, marriage, or ancestry-based routes.

Popular Countries That Allow Dual Citizenship with USA

There are many countries around the world that allow US citizens to hold dual citizenship. Each destination comes with its own set of rules and conditions, making it essential to understand the specifics before proceeding.

Let’s explore some of the most popular options, especially those offering direct citizenship by investment programs, from various parts of the globe.

European Countries Accepting US Dual Citizens

Malta

Malta offers an official citizenship program that generally involves making a qualifying contribution, maintaining property (rental or purchase), and meeting a residency requirement.

• Minimum Investment: 680,000 EUR (mixed investment).
• Time to Citizenship: 12–36 months.

Dual citizenship is recognized, and successful applicants gain EU mobility privileges. Applicants should pass thorough background checks and uphold any ongoing obligations.

Portugal

Portugal has attracted American passport holders interested in eventual European citizenship. A common route is via a “Golden Visa” program involving real estate or a different financial contribution.

• Typical Route: Live in Portugal for about five years, pass a language test, and show good character.
• Dual Nationality: Permitted; the Portuguese government does not require renunciation of previous passports.

If you plan to move to Portugal from the US, read here to find out relevant information.

Spain

Spain offers pathways based on long-term residency, marriage, or ancestry for those with Spanish parents or grandparents. The standard naturalization route requires around 10 years of continuous residence, though it can be shorter for certain categories.

Spain’s approach to multiple citizenship is more complex than Portugal’s, but in practical terms, many Americans retain their US passport once they become Spanish nationals.

It is crucial to double-check if any formal renunciation is demanded during the application. Official government sites or well-regarded news outlets typically clarify the details.

Italy

Italy’s jure sanguinis route grants citizenship to people with Italian ancestry through paternal or maternal lines, provided the lineage was never broken by an ancestor renouncing Italian citizenship before the birth of the next generation.

Non-ancestry naturalization usually involves several years of residency, plus proficiency in the Italian language.

Italy recognizes dual nationality with the United States, making it popular among Americans who have deep Italian roots.

Caribbean Nations Offering Dual Citizenship

St. Kitts & Nevis

The St. Kitts & Nevis program has a well-established legal framework for citizenship through investment. Applicants can contribute to the Sustainable Growth Fund or invest in select real estate.

• Minimum Investment: 250,000 USD (donation) or 325,000 USD (real estate).
• Time to Citizenship: 6–8 months.

According to official government announcements and data from recognized media, this route helps St. Kitts & Nevis fund national projects.

Grenada

Grenada’s citizenship by investment option similarly involves a financial contribution or property purchase.

• Minimum Investment: 235,000 USD (donation) or 270,000 USD (real estate).
• Time to Citizenship: 6–8 months.

The local law does not require applicants to renounce previous nationalities, so multiple citizenship in the USA is feasible for American passport holders.

Antigua & Barbuda

Antigua & Barbuda’s regulations enable individuals to apply through several investment channels, such as contributions to the National Development Fund or real estate investments.

• Minimum Investment: 230,000 USD (donation) or 300,000 USD (real estate).
• Time to Citizenship: 4–6 months.

The country has recognized dual nationality for years, making it a straightforward choice for those seeking a Caribbean second passport for Americans.

Dominica

Dominica’s official program includes donation or real estate options, known for relatively accessible financial thresholds compared to some other locales.

• Minimum Investment: 200,000 USD (donation) or 200,000 USD (real estate).
• Time to Citizenship: 6–8 months.

The government allows multiple citizenship, which helps maintain American passport.

Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia has become a favoured spot for some Americans aiming to add a second passport. Government rules let foreign nationals gain citizenship through different investment routes.

• Minimum Investment: 240,000 USD (donation) or 300,000 USD (real estate).
• Time to Citizenship: 4–6 months. 

Local regulations do not force an applicant to give up their original nationality.

Other Countries Permitting US Dual Citizenship

Turkey

Turkey’s citizenship by investment plan includes real estate purchases above a certain threshold or making fixed capital contributions. Authorities check applicants’ backgrounds to ensure good conduct.

• Minimum Investment: 400,000 USD in property.
• Time to Citizenship: 6–8 months.

Turkey recognizes multiple passports, letting American passport holders keep their US status.

Vanuatu

Vanuatu’s government program is known for a relatively quick timeline. By contributing to a designated development fund, foreigners can become citizens without long residency.

• Minimum Investment: 130,000 USD donation (no real estate option).
• Time to Citizenship: 2–4 months. 

Although Vanuatu is more distant geographically, it allows dual nationality with the United States.

Nauru

Nauru is a tiny island nation in the Pacific, but with a great citizenship program. Officially, it accepts dual citizenship if you meet the criteria.

• Minimum Investment: 130,000 USD donation.
• Time to Citizenship: 3–4 months. 

People often go through specialized channels, and the rules or fees can change, so it is wise to consult official data.

If your plans to move and relocate relate to legal concerns in the US, note that some of the countries we mentioned are considered non-extradition jurisdictions. For more information, read here.

Understanding US Dual Citizenship Laws

Rules around holding two passports can seem confusing, yet US law in this area is more flexible than many realize. There is no explicit requirement in the Immigration and Nationality Act to drop other citizenships if you become an American, and likewise, you do not automatically lose US nationality by taking on a foreign one.

The US Supreme Court and official policy from agencies like USCIS have clarified that dual nationality is permitted, as long as certain conditions are met.

Here are a few specific laws and guidelines that shape how dual nationality with the United States works:

1. Immigration and Nationality Act (INA): This act outlines how someone can acquire or lose US citizenship. It does not forbid holding multiple nationalities, although certain sections cover acts that might indicate an intention to relinquish US citizenship.

2. Department of State Policies: Official State Department resources confirm that an American does not automatically renounce US citizenship by obtaining another passport. Intent matters. If you clearly intend to keep your US status, you usually do.

3. Oath of Allegiance: Naturalizing in another country often involves an oath or pledge. If it explicitly states renunciation of all other allegiances, the US might interpret it as a sign of giving up US nationality. However, this depends on each situation, and many modern oaths do not require a complete forsaking of previous citizenships.

Can Americans Have Multiple Citizenships

Yes. An American may hold several passports if these countries allow it. The principle is that the United States does not demand renunciation of your US passport when you obtain foreign nationality.

At the same time, not all nations share this openness. Some countries automatically revoke local citizenship if you become a citizen elsewhere.

The best approach is to consult reputable government websites or recognized news outlets in the relevant country to confirm it accepts multiple nationalities.

Benefits of Having Dual Citizenship as a US Citizen

Many American passport holders pursue a second passport to extend their travel, residence, or business capabilities. Here are common advantages:

• Flexibility in Travel: Each passport opens specific visa-free or simplified entry privileges. An American-EU national, for example, can more easily move around Europe.

• Access to Social Benefits: Some countries provide education or healthcare benefits to citizens that are not always accessible to temporary residents.

• Enhanced Employment Prospects: A second nationality often eliminates work permit hurdles. Employers in the second country (or region) may prefer or require citizenship for certain roles.

• Preserving Family or Cultural Bonds: Having the official status of your ancestral homeland can help maintain stronger family or cultural connections.

• Alternate Residency: If changes occur in one country, you could reside freely in the other without worrying about visa restrictions.

• Financial Diversification: Owning real estate or opening financial accounts in the second country can sometimes be simpler for nationals, though tax considerations may arise.

• Potential Education Cost Savings: University fees in some regions are significantly lower for nationals compared to international students.

Disadvantages of Holding Two Passports

Although multiple citizenship USA appeals to many, it carries some drawbacks as well, that is better to know before going further:

• Tax Complexities: The US taxes its citizens on worldwide income, and the second country might also impose levies. Careful planning is needed to avoid double taxation.

• Legal and Administrative Overlaps: You must maintain valid passports for both nations, file potential annual documentation in each place, and stay up to date with evolving regulations.

• Local Requirements: Certain countries may require mandatory military service or other civic obligations. While less common now, it remains a possibility.

• Potential Travel Conflicts: If there are tensions between your two countries, you might face tricky legal or diplomatic situations. Some governments might not recognize your other nationality within their borders.

• Cost of Maintaining Two Passports: Renewal fees, travel to and from embassies, or translations of documents can add extra expenses.

Ways to Obtain Dual Citizenship for US Citizens

Some people qualify for an additional passport without special effort, for instance, if it was granted at birth. Others must follow a formal legal process.

Here are the main paths to dual nationality with the United States:

Citizenship by Investment

Citizenship by investment in the USA is not offered by the United States, but many other nations have official frameworks allowing foreigners to become citizens after making certain contributions or investments. The Caribbean region is known for such routes, as are some European countries.

Often, an investment in real estate or a government development fund is required, along with administrative fees. Processing can be relatively fast, ranging from a few months (like in Saint Lucia) to over a year (like in Malta).

Key Features:

• Financial thresholds vary across programs.
• Candidates undergo background checks.
• Many programs do not require living in the country before obtaining nationality (though some do).

When done lawfully and in compliance with each country’s criteria, this can be a direct, though sometimes expensive, method to secure a second passport for Americans.

Ancestry and Heritage-Based Citizenship

A significant number of Americans have roots in Europe, Latin America, or other parts of the world. Countries like Italy, Ireland, and Poland offer routes to nationality if you can prove lineage.

This method is often more affordable than investment-based paths but can be time-consuming. Gathering birth certificates, marriage records, and other documents spanning generations can be intricate.

For example, Italy provides jure sanguinis (right of blood). If an individual can show uninterrupted Italian ancestry through a direct line, citizenship may be granted. Similar policies exist in other places, though rules vary widely.

Naturalization Options

Americans residing abroad often qualify for a second passport via naturalization after meeting certain criteria:

• Minimum Residency: Countries typically require living legally within their borders for a set number of years.
• Language and Cultural Tests: Proof of basic fluency in the local language and familiarity with societal norms.
• Good Conduct: Background checks, criminal record assessments, and sometimes interviews to ascertain integration.

These steps may take 3-10 years, depending on the country. Portugal and Spain have specific waiting periods for foreign residents. Italy has standard naturalization for those who have lived there long enough.

Marriage to A Citizen of Another Country

When you marry a citizen of the target country, you can often benefit from an expedited naturalization process. Requirements typically include providing a legally valid marriage certificate and additional documentation to prove the genuineness of the relationship.

Many countries require that the couple remain married for a certain period before citizenship is granted. Processing times for marriage-based citizenship can vary but generally range from 2 to 5 years, depending on local regulations and the efficiency of the application process.

Key Points About Dual Citizenship for Americans

1. US Passport Usage: You must typically enter and leave the United States on your valid American passport, even if you have another nationality.

2. Local Law Variations: Some countries do not officially forbid multiple citizenship but may place conditions on how it is recognized. Confirm specifics with that nation’s official legal sources.

3. Tax Filing Duties: US citizens must report worldwide income, and the second country might have its own tax system. Double-check local tax treaties or consult professional guidance.

4. Children’s Citizenship: Children born in the US are usually American by birth. They may also inherit the second country’s nationality if one parent is from there, subject to that nation’s rules.

5. Potential Military Service: A few nations still require citizens to register for or complete military obligations. If you are a dual citizen, you could be subject to those regulations.

6. Diplomatic Protection: When you are in the US, you are primarily considered American. When you are in your other country, you are regarded as a local citizen. That can limit US consular protection.

How to Maintain Dual Citizenship with USA

Obtaining a second citizenship is only the first step; after, there are obligations and privileges linked to each nationality that must be followed to maintain dual citizenship.

Legal Requirements and Obligations

A dual national must comply with laws in both countries. When in the United States, local statutes apply fully. When in the other country, you are subject to its legislation, including possible requirements for registration, local taxes, or other formalities.

Always keep valid passports and identity documents for both nationalities. Some countries require you to register life events (marriage, birth, or name changes) with their authorities.

Tax Considerations for Dual Citizens

The US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) taxes American citizens on worldwide income. This does not necessarily mean double payments, as the United States has treaties with many countries and offers the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion and foreign tax credits.

Still, an American passport holder with foreign income must file an annual US tax return. The second country may also impose its own taxes. Timely consultation with reliable resources, such as the IRS official website, can keep you on the right side of the law.

Passport Requirements and Restrictions

You must show a US passport when entering or exiting the United States. Airlines commonly ask for passport details, and border authorities can fine or delay travellers who fail to produce the correct documents.

If travelling to your second country, it could be advantageous to also carry that nation’s passport for visa-free entry. However, do not attempt to use your foreign passport to enter the US, as that can create confusion about your American status.

Some countries place restrictions on dual nationals in specific government positions or require official notification of the second citizenship. Check whether you need to inform the second nation’s immigration office or local authorities about your US citizenship.

Travel Benefits for Dual Citizens

People with multiple citizenship enjoy easier mobility. For instance, an American with a European passport can travel within the Schengen Area with minimal bureaucracy.

A Caribbean passport might grant simpler access to certain nations in that region. Having more than one passport can also provide peace of mind if travel restrictions affect one nationality but not the other.

Key Factors to Consider Before Pursuing a Second Nationality

Before diving into any application, weigh the financial, legal, and personal implications:

• Long-Term Residency and Ties: If the second country requires an extended residency, make sure your commitments allow you to stay the required time.

• Financial Outlay: Citizenship by investment can be costly. Even non-investment paths can involve filing fees, translations, or travel for interviews.

• Language Requirements: Some places insist on at least basic proficiency in their official language. Sufficient study time might be necessary.

• Local Culture and Integration: Naturalization processes can require you to demonstrate knowledge of the country’s traditions or pass cultural quizzes.

• Possible Renunciation Clauses: A few nations might formally demand a renunciation of your original nationality, although the US stance is generally lenient. Verify if your second country truly enforces that clause.

Strategies for Handling Bureaucracy and Long Wait Times

Dual citizenship applications can be lengthy. But the process can be streamlined, if you implement the right approaches:

• Stay Organized: Keep certified copies of all essential records, including birth certificates, marriage documents, official translations, and police clearances. Incomplete files can cause delays.

• Follow Official Updates: Laws and requirements evolve. Governments periodically adjust thresholds for investments or revise residency obligations.

• Consult Qualified Advisors: Verify that any advisor or lawyer you speak to is registered in the country of interest. Incorrect guidance can lead to wasted time and money.

• Be Patient with Processing: Some authorities experience application backlogs, especially popular programs with many applicants. Submitting well-prepared paperwork helps.

Considerations for Children of Dual Nationals

Children can automatically inherit citizenship depending on the laws of the second country. For example, a child born in the US to a Maltese parent may be eligible for Maltese nationality.

Meanwhile, if you become a Grenadian citizen through investment, your minor children might be included in your application, granting them dual nationality with the United States as well.

Staying informed about registration timelines is essential. Some countries require immediate notification of a child’s birth or an application for a citizenship certificate within a limited period. Missing these deadlines can complicate your child’s future eligibility.

Expatriation: Renouncing or Relinquishing US Citizenship

A small minority decide to let go of their American dual passport. This step is usually taken for personal or tax reasons.

Official renunciation of US citizenship is done in person at a US embassy or consulate. The process can involve:

1. Formal Oath: You must appear before a consular officer, sign documents, and verbally confirm your decision.

2. Irreversible Consequences: Giving up US citizenship is serious. You lose the right to live or work in the US as a citizen, vote in American elections, or claim certain protections.

3. Tax Requirements: The IRS may request an exit tax or final filings, depending on your assets and timeline.

The vast majority of people who pursue multiple citizenship USA do so intending to keep their American status. Renunciation is rare but remains an option for those with specific motivations.

Real-Life Applications of Dual Citizenship

Having a second passport can enhance day-to-day possibilities:

• Career Mobility: A dual national can work freely in both countries, often skipping the complexities of visas or sponsorships.

• Cultural Enrichment: Immersing yourself in two societies can broaden your perspective and personal connections.

• Educational Access: Some nations offer reduced or subsidized tuition for citizens, making a second nationality appealing for families with college-bound children.

• Healthcare Systems: Countries with national healthcare might permit citizens to access services at local rates.

• Retirement Options: Living costs, climate, and lifestyle preferences differ around the globe. Holding another passport can simplify the decision to retire abroad.

Misconceptions Around US Dual Citizenship

1. “You Automatically Lose Your US Citizenship if You Obtain Another.”: In general, this is not true. The United States does not require forced renunciation unless you clearly intend to relinquish your American status.

2. “Dual Citizens Do Not Pay US Taxes.”: US citizens, including dual nationals, must report worldwide income to the IRS. Some avoid double taxation through credits or exclusions, but a filing obligation typically remains.

3. “There Are No Restrictions.”: While the US permits multiple nationalities, certain high-level US government jobs might require holding only American nationality for security reasons. Also, the second country might enforce its own limitations.

4. “Dual Citizenship Is Illegal Everywhere.”: Global approaches vary. A handful of countries do not tolerate any additional passport. Others permit multiple citizenship for citizens, but with strings attached.

5. “Using a Foreign Passport to Enter the US Is Fine.”: By law, a US citizen must generally use a valid American passport to enter or exit the United States, even if holding another nationality.

What to Consider Before Starting the Process

Dual citizenship with the United States can greatly expand your global horizons. It can simplify travel, provide an alternate residence, and reinforce ties to heritage or family.

Yet it also carries responsibilities: more than one passport means more legal obligations. For many Americans, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, especially if they plan carefully and stay informed about the rules in each country involved.

A solid approach involves confirming that your intended second country unambiguously accepts dual nationality with the US.

Reach out to field professionals, like Savory and Partners, for a smooth and strategic approach to second citizenship planning.

FAQs About Countries that Allow Dual Citizenship with USA

1. If I become a citizen of another country, do I lose my US citizenship?

In most cases, no. US law does not automatically strip citizenship when a person acquires another nationality. However, an individual’s actions might be interpreted as intending to relinquish US status—such as explicitly renouncing it at a foreign embassy. Consult official US Department of State resources for further details.

2. Which passport should I use to enter or leave the United States?

American citizens are required to use a valid US passport whenever entering or leaving the country. While you may hold another passport, the US government expects you to present your American passport at US ports of entry.

3. Will I have to pay taxes in both countries if I hold two passports?

The United States taxes citizens on worldwide income, regardless of other nationalities. Some treaties and exclusions (such as the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion) can help minimize double taxation. Still, you must generally file a US tax return each year, plus meet any filing obligations imposed by your second country.

4. Do I need to notify US authorities about acquiring a foreign passport?

No specific notification is required unless you intend to renounce your American citizenship. The US primarily cares that you maintain a valid US passport for travel in and out of the country. The second country, however, might ask you to declare or register your US citizenship, so stay updated on local rules.

5. What if the second country does not permit multiple citizenship?

Some nations automatically revoke local nationality if you gain a new passport, and others require you to formally renounce your original citizenship. If the second country disallows dual status, you may be forced to choose between your US and foreign citizenship. Confirm how local laws approach additional nationalities before applying.

6. Am I required to fulfill military service in my second country?

Certain countries may enforce compulsory military duties for all citizens. Although these policies are less common now, a dual national may still be subject to local conscription if the law applies. Research the regulations in your second country to avoid unexpected obligations.

References

U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Dual Nationality. Retrieved from https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/travel-legal-considerations/Advice-about-Possible-Loss-of-US-Nationality-Dual-Nationality.html

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (n.d.). Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Retrieved from https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act

Internal Revenue Service. (n.d.). U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad. Retrieved from https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/us-citizens-and-resident-aliens-abroad

Council of the European Union. (n.d.). Schengen Area. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/schengen-borders/

U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (n.d.). Guidance for Dual Nationals. Retrieved from https://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/dual-nationals