Blog • Published Date:February 4, 2025 | Updated Date:February 3, 2025 • 27 Min
Thinking about broadening your global mobility, safeguarding personal security, and providing a stronger future for your family? Acquiring a second passport through an established investment route is a topic on the minds of many worldwide.
Over the last decade, various countries have refined and promoted Citizenship by Investment (CBI) schemes to attract individuals who wish to establish stronger international ties.
This article outlines the top five fastest citizenship programs through investment.
Read on to learn why these five nations rank as premier destinations for securing a second passport and discover whether one could be your way to a more flexible global lifestyle.
*Visa-free travel regions vary based on political agreements. Always confirm up-to-date travel lists from official government sources.
There are multiple pathways to dual nationality, and not all require direct financial investments. Nearly half of the world’s countries allow dual citizenship in some form. Here are the main methods:
Each route comes with specific prerequisites, and the level of complexity can vary dramatically from one jurisdiction to another.
Several nations provide pathways to citizenship through marriage. The requirements and timelines differ depending on local laws. In Italy, a spouse should cohabit in Italy for at least two years before filing a citizenship application. In Spain, only after one year of marriage. The spouse of a U.S. citizen generally secures a Green Card first and may apply for naturalization after three years of marital union and continuous residence.
Some countries follow the principle of jus sanguinis, which is Latin for “right of blood.” If you can prove that a parent or grandparent held citizenship, you may become eligible for citizenship yourself. Requirements vary, and you might have to provide detailed birth certificates, marriage records, or other family documents showing an uninterrupted line of citizenship.
For those willing to reside in a foreign nation on a long-term basis, naturalization can be a dependable route. The timeline usually spans 5 to 10 years, though some countries offer shorter durations. In Argentina, for instance, individuals can apply after just 2 years of residence. Or in Uruguay, after 3 years of continuous legal residence before submitting an application.
Naturalization typically entails demonstrating proficiency in the local language, basic knowledge of the country’s culture or history, and a clean criminal record. Some countries may also require proof of stable income or employment during the stay.
Certain governments award passports in recognition of significant contributions to the arts, sciences, sports, or national welfare. There is no transparent formula for this method, and approvals are often granted under special presidential or ministerial prerogatives. While this channel can bring unique benefits, it is notoriously unpredictable since it relies heavily on subjective criteria and official discretion.
This method involves a financial contribution, often through government funds, real estate, or bond investments. The regulatory framework for these programs aims to stimulate economic growth.
Applicants can gain citizenship usually within months or a year, depending on how each country structures its procedure. Benefits of CBI typically include minimal residency obligations and exemption from language or cultural exams, making it one of the more streamlined paths to an additional passport.
What exactly influences whether a second passport is easier or more accessible? Common considerations include:
Most CBI programs specify a minimum capital outlay. Some have purely donation-based models, where the applicant contributes to a national development fund. Others incorporate real estate, bonds, or other financial instruments, sometimes offering multiple investment tracks.
Programs with lower entry points or straightforward donation options tend to involve less paperwork, although they might come with no tangible asset returns.
Faster approvals can be very attractive for individuals seeking immediate mobility or a backup plan. Vanuatu stands out for citizenship grants potentially completed in 2–4 months. But Malta, in contrast, have a longer timeline because of the residency component and more rigorous due diligence checks.
Some investors prefer zero or minimal physical presence. Caribbean nations, for instance, frequently place no mandatory residency requirements. Malta, on the other hand, enforces a genuine link to the country through a residency period of at least one year (or three years if going for a lower investment threshold). Turkey requires short visits if investing in real estate, mainly for the purchase formalities, but not a continuous stay.
In all cases, applicants must provide background checks, financial statements, and identification. However, the complexity can differ. A simple checklist and direct instructions can make a program “easier,” while a vague or frequently changing system can introduce hurdles and delays.
These are the top five CBI programs that offer varying investment options, processing timelines, and benefits, catering to a diverse range of investor needs.
Vanuatu’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program stands out as one of the fastest pathways to obtaining a second passport.
This South Pacific nation offers an expedited application process, allowing successful candidates to secure citizenship within one to four months, making it one of the quickest CBI programs globally.
Established under the Vanuatu Development Support Program (DSP), this initiative is designed to attract foreign investors while bolstering the country’s economic stability.
(Additional fees apply for any further dependents.)
Vanuatu does not offer a real estate investment route; instead, it focuses on a donation-based model. This framework spares applicants the complexities of property valuation and holding periods.
When you become a citizen of Vanuatu, you get visa-free travel access to more than 50, visa of arrival to 33, and e-visa to 36 countries and territories.
Always verify travel rules by consulting official embassy or IATA travel resources.
Vanuatu is among the countries not bound by an extradition treaty with the United States. If you are a U.S. citizen with legal concerns and seeking relocation options, it may be worth your consideration. To explore the full list of other non-extradition countries, read here.
St. Kitts and Nevis launched its Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program in 1984, making it the oldest economic citizenship program in the world. Over the decades, it has built a strong reputation for stability, credibility, and global mobility benefits.
Often referenced in major financial and business news, this program is regarded as a benchmark for the citizenship-by-investment industry, attracting high-net-worth individuals seeking a well-established second passport.
Applicants for St. Kitts and Nevis citizenship must choose between two primary investment routes:
1. Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC)
2. Public Benefit Option
3. Real Estate Investment
The standard processing time for the St. Kitts and Nevis CBI program is approximately 6-8 months.
A St. Kitts and Nevis passport offers visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 150+ countries, including the Schengen Area and the UK.
This extensive travel access is particularly valuable for frequent travelers, facilitating smoother entry into major financial and economic centers worldwide.
Read more on the full list of Schengen countries here.
Dominica's program is renowned for its affordability and efficiency. Introduced in 1993, this program is recognized for its transparency, efficiency, and strong global mobility benefits.
Often highlighted in international business and financial reports, Dominica’s CBI initiative is particularly appealing to those looking for a high-value second passport at a lower investment threshold compared to other options.
Dominica’s CBI program offers two investment routes, providing applicants with flexibility based on their financial goals:
1. Economic Diversification Fund (EDF) – Non-Refundable Contribution
To qualify for citizenship under this investment option, there are three investment categories with different contribution amounts, based on the number of dependents included in the application, which are the following:
2. Government-Approved Real Estate Investment
Dominica’s program is known for efficiency, with a typical processing time of 6-8 months.
A Dominica passport grants visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 140+ countries, including the Schengen Area and the UK.
This extensive travel access makes it a valuable asset for business professionals, digital nomads, and frequent travelers, allowing them to bypass complex visa applications and enjoy smoother entry into major global destinations.
Turkey´s CIP offers a straightforward path to citizenship through investment. stablished in 2017, the program quickly gained popularity among international investors due to its low entry barriers, fast processing times, and strong economic potential.
Unlike many Caribbean and European CBI programs, Turkey allows investors to gain full citizenship through property ownership, making it an ideal option for real estate-focused applicants.
To qualify for Turkish citizenship, applicants must invest in one of the following categories:
1. Real Estate Investment (Most Popular Route)
The investor must hold the property for a minimum of 3 years. In case of renting, it can be rented out to generate income during the holding period
2. Capital Investment
The Turkey CBI process is structured and transparent, with an estimated timeline of 6 to 8 months.
A Turkish passport provides visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 120 countries, including Japan, South Korea, and Brazil.
While Turkey is not part of the European Union (EU) or the Schengen Area, its passport remains valuable for business travelers and entrepreneurs due to bilateral agreements with numerous global markets.
Additionally, Turkey has been in discussions with EU officials regarding potential visa liberalization, which could expand its Schengen access in the future.
One of the major advantages of Turkish citizenship is eligibility for the U.S. E-2 Investor Visa, allowing citizens of treaty countries to live and work in the United States by investing in a U.S. business.
This privilege is not available to many other CBI programs, making Turkey’s investment route uniquely attractive for those looking to expand business operations in the U.S.
Malta’s Exceptional Investor Naturalization (MEIN) program is one of the most prestigious and secure investment-based citizenship initiatives in the world. Under this program, qualifying individuals can obtain full European Union (EU) citizenship, granting them the right to live, work, and study in any EU member state.
With a strong passport, a stable economy, and an excellent quality of life, Malta’s MEIN program presents an outstanding opportunity for international investors seeking EU mobility and long-term global benefits.
To qualify for the Maltese Exceptional Investor Naturalisation Policy, you are required to make a mixed investment in several categories. An applicant can choose from two different investment timelines of 12 or 36 months.
1. 12-Month Route Exceptional Direct Investment
The 12-month route allows applicants to apply for Maltese citizenship after holding residency for one year. This faster timeline requires a higher direct investment. The funds typically go to Malta’s National Development and Social Fund or another government-approved project, contributing to Malta’s economic and social welfare.
2. 36-Month Route Exceptional Direct Investment
Under the 36-month route, applicants must hold residency status for three years before applying for citizenship. Although it takes longer, the required direct investment is lower than the 12-month route. Like the 12-month route, these funds support various national development projects.
3. Real Estate
In addition to the direct investment, applicants must either purchase or lease residential property in Malta. This requirement ensures economic participation in the local housing market and demonstrates a genuine connection to Malta.
4. Philanthropic Donation:
The expected timeframe for the application process is 12 to 36 months, depending on the preferences of the applicant.
Holding a Maltese passport is one of the most powerful global mobility assets, offering visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 180 countries, including the United States and Canada. Full EU citizenship allows unrestricted movement within the European Union.
Launched in August 2013, the Grenada Citizenship by Investment (CBI)Launched in August 2013, the Grenada Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program is one of the newer yet highly reputable Caribbean CBI options. Its primary goal is to bolster Grenada’s economy through foreign investment, offering qualified applicants the chance to obtain citizenship and a second passport.
To be eligible, applicants must be at least 18 years old, have no criminal record, and meet the investment requirements stipulated by the Grenadian government.
Grenada offers two main routes to acquire citizenship by investment:
1. Donation to the National Transformation Fund (NTF)
This donation-based model is straightforward: the applicant contributes a set amount to Grenada’s National Transformation Fund, which supports various developmental projects in the country.
(Additional government fees and due diligence fees apply. There are extra contributions required for each additional dependent beyond the initial count.)
2. Real Estate Investment
Prospective citizens must invest in a government-approved real estate project (e.g., hotel shares, freehold property, fractional ownership, or land). After maintaining the investment for the required holding period, investors may choose to keep or sell the property, subject to program regulations.
The Grenada CBI program typically takes 6–8 months from submission to issuance of passports. Below is an approximate breakdown of the process:
Obtaining Grenadian citizenship grants you visa-free (or visa-on-arrival) access to over 140 countries and territories, including popular business and leisure destinations in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
Launched in December 2015, the Saint Lucia Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program is the newest among the Caribbean options. Designed to attract foreign capital and foster economic development, this program enables eligible investors and their families to obtain Saint Lucia citizenship and a second passport.
Under the Saint Lucia Citizenship by Investment Act of 2015, individuals can choose from four main investment routes:
1. National Economic Fund (NEF) Donation
This option involves making a non-refundable donation to Saint Lucia’s National Economic Fund, which supports public and private sector projects across the country.
2. Real Estate Investment
Investors must purchase property in a government-approved real estate project, such as resort developments or hotel shares. After maintaining the investment for the required holding period, investors may sell or retain the property, subject to program regulations.
3. Enterprise Project Investment
Applicants can invest in an approved enterprise project, often in sectors like tourism, manufacturing, or agriculture. These projects must be sanctioned by the government and meet specific requirements to qualify for CBI status.
4. National Action Bond (NAB)
Applicants invest in a bond registered under their name for a five-year period. The principal is returned at the end of the term; however, no interest is paid on these bonds.
(Additional government fees and due diligence fees apply, and extra costs may apply for each dependent beyond the initial four.)
Saint Lucia’s CBI program typically reaches completion in 4–6 months, provided all due diligence checks and documentation are in order. Below is an overview of the standard process:
Saint Lucian citizenship provides visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 140 countries and territories, which includes major business and tourist hubs across Europe, Asia, the Americas, and beyond.
The Antigua & Barbuda Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program is considered one of the newer Caribbean options. To qualify, applicants must be at least 18 years old, in good health, and have no criminal record.
Unlike some other Caribbean programs, new citizens of Antigua & Barbuda are required to spend 5 days in the country within the first 5 years to maintain their citizenship. During one of these visits, all applicants over 18 must complete an Oath of Allegiance ceremony.
There are three primary routes to qualify for Antigua & Barbuda’s CBI program:
1. Contribution to National Development Fund (NDF)
Applicants make a one-time, non-refundable donation to the National Development Fund, which supports public projects.
2. Real Estate Investment
Investors purchase government-approved property. After maintaining this real estate for the required holding period, they may choose to keep or sell the property, according to program rules.
3. Contribution to the University of the West Indies (UWI) Fund
Contributions go toward financing UWI’s fourth landed campus, allowing investors to support higher education in the region.
(Additional fees may apply for each dependent beyond six.)
Antigua & Barbuda’s CBI program typically completes in 4–6 months, subject to due diligence and proper documentation.
New citizens enjoy visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 150 countries and territories, including key business and leisure destinations worldwide. As always, it is advisable to verify individual entry requirements with the relevant embassy or IATA resources.
Announced at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2024, the Nauru Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Program (NECRCP) provides a pathway to citizenship through direct contributions to the government.
Designed to bolster Nauru’s climate resilience and economic development, this initiative invites foreign applicants who are at least 18 years old, in good health, and have no criminal record to become Nauruan citizens.
Under the NECRCP, individuals and families make a one-time financial contribution to the government of Nauru:
(Additional administrative, due diligence, and application fees may apply.)
Nauru’s citizenship program aims to complete all due diligence checks and documentation review in 3–4 months, making it one of the faster citizenship-by-investment options globally.
Nauruan citizenship grants visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 80 countries and territories, enhancing personal and business travel opportunities. As always, it’s advisable to verify exact entry requirements with relevant embassies or consult official IATA resources for the most up-to-date information.
Whether aiming for a Caribbean passport or an EU nationality, most CBI programs share standardized demands.
These include financial disclosures, character verifications, and personal records. Understanding these requirements is crucial for a smooth application process.
Applicants must prove the legal sourcing of funds, typically through bank statements, business registration documents, and tax returns. Governments aim to ensure that investments come from transparent channels, maintaining the integrity of the CBI programs.
Each program employs security reviews focusing on criminal records, sanctions, and financial misconduct. Some nations engage international due diligence agencies to bolster credibility, ensuring that only reputable individuals obtain citizenship.
Applicants must provide official identity documents such as passport copies and birth certificates. Additional documents may include marriage certificates (if applying as a couple), police clearance certificates from past and current residences, bank and financial references, and proof of employment or business ownership in some cases.
The application process generally involves several steps:
1. Initial Submission: Collect and translate necessary documents and pay required fees.
2. Due Diligence Check: Governments or appointed firms verify personal backgrounds.
3. Approval in Principle: If successful, a letter confirming acceptance is issued.
4. Investment Actions: Complete investment payments or real estate purchases.
5. Issuance of Citizenship: Receive a formal certificate leading to passport issuance.
Each country’s official site or news segment typically outlines the complete list of forms and deadlines. Strict adherence to guidelines helps avoid rejection or extended waiting periods.
Owning two passports offers numerous advantages, including smoother movement across continents and greater resilience in changing times. The principal benefits typically include:
A strong passport simplifies entry to various destinations without the need for separate visas. This is especially relevant for those who often schedule business or leisure trips at short notice, enhancing global mobility and convenience. With visa-free access to numerous countries, travelers can avoid the time-consuming and often costly process of obtaining visas.
Having a second nationality can aid entrepreneurs aiming to form companies abroad or diversify business markets. Some passports allow more efficient banking solutions in different financial centers, facilitating international business operations. This expanded reach can significantly enhance business growth and global presence.
Several countries with fast-track CBI programs have flexible tax laws, particularly for individuals who do not become tax residents in the new country. This can help structure global income more efficiently, optimizing tax obligations and financial planning. Additionally, some countries offer tax incentives for specific types of investments, further enhancing financial benefits.
Political shifts or unrest in one’s original country can be less stressful if the family has a secondary legal status elsewhere. It offers an additional measure of reassurance for children and future generations, providing peace of mind and security. A second passport ensures that family members have an alternative place of residence and access to essential services in times of crisis.
A second passport provides an additional layer of personal security, offering protection in case of political instability, natural disasters, or personal emergencies in the home country. It allows individuals to relocate more easily to a stable and secure environment, ensuring uninterrupted access to essential services, legal protections, and safety for themselves and their families.
Citizenship in another country often grants access to its healthcare and education systems, which may be more advanced or affordable compared to the home country. This can be particularly beneficial for families seeking high-quality medical care and educational opportunities for their children.
Many Citizenship by Investment programs include options for real estate investment, allowing individuals to own property in a second country. This not only serves as a tangible asset but also provides opportunities for rental income, property appreciation, and diversification of investment portfolios.
A second citizenship can offer retirees the flexibility to live in a country with a more favorable climate, lower cost of living, or better healthcare facilities. This flexibility allows individuals to choose a retirement destination that best suits their lifestyle preferences and financial situation, ensuring a comfortable and enjoyable retirement.
Dual citizenship opens the door to experiencing different cultures, traditions, and lifestyles. This cultural enrichment can lead to a more fulfilling personal life, broadened perspectives, and enhanced global awareness. Engaging with diverse communities and participating in various cultural activities can significantly enhance personal growth and satisfaction.
Holding citizenship in another country expands an individual’s global network, providing access to a broader range of professional and social connections. This can lead to new business partnerships, collaborative opportunities, and a more extensive support system across different regions.
While some CBI programs offer immediate citizenship, others provide a pathway to residency, which can eventually lead to full citizenship. This gradual process allows individuals to establish roots in a new country, build relationships, and integrate into the local community before obtaining full citizenship rights.
For professionals with global assignments or those frequently relocating for work, a second passport provides greater travel flexibility and reduces bureaucratic hurdles. It allows for seamless entry into multiple countries, minimizing the need for frequent visa applications and reducing travel-related stress.
Ultimately, holding a second passport can significantly enhance the overall quality of life by providing greater freedom, security, and opportunities. Whether it’s through improved healthcare, education, financial benefits, or personal security, the advantages of dual citizenship contribute to a more prosperous, secure, and fulfilling life for individuals and their families.
Picking the “best” or “easiest” program often depends on personal situations. Consider these points:
Keeping personal objectives in mind is essential. A program that fits a friend’s situation may not align with another individual’s needs.
Second passport programs attract worldwide attention, appearing in the pages of top business magazines and front-page news stories. Growing globalization, remote work possibilities, and evolving economic landscapes all contribute to the demand for flexible travel and alternative citizenships.
Whether the aim is broader mobility, strategic business growth, or peace of mind for loved ones, an investment-based route may present a viable solution.
For precise, individualized guidance, connecting with Savory & Partners or referencing official government websites can help navigate the complexities of each program.
Applicants want to know the estimated timeframe for processing, from the initial application to final passport issuance. Timelines can range from a few months to a couple of years, depending on the specific program.
Many programs allow investors to add close relatives, but the requirements and fees for each dependent may vary. Understanding these terms helps families plan more efficiently.
While several programs have minimal or no residency obligations, others demand a period of physical presence. It’s crucial to confirm these details so you know if relocation or frequent visits are necessary.
A large number of countries that run Citizenship by Investment initiatives permit dual or multiple nationality. However, your birth country may have different rules, so it’s wise to verify whether any restrictions apply.
Background reviews often include criminal record checks, financial verifications, and other screenings to ensure that participants meet legal and ethical standards. Each nation has its own approach, but thorough checks are the norm across all reputable CBI programs.
Government of Vanuatu. (n.d.). Vanuatu Citizenship. https://vanuatucitizenship.gov.vu/
Citizenship by Investment Unit of St. Kitts & Nevis. (n.d.). Official Website. https://www.ciu.gov.kn/
Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. (n.d.). Citizenship by Investment Unit. http://cbiu.gov.dm/
Investment Office of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. (n.d.). Invest in Turkey. https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/
Identity Malta. (n.d.). Identity Malta Agency. https://www.identitymalta.com/
Written By
Andrew Wilder
Andrew Wilder is a multifaceted author on Business Migration programs all over the globe. Over the past 10 years, he has written extensively to help investors diversify their portfolios and gain citizenship or residency through innovative real estate and business investment opportunities.